ch 14 (second half)

• Fur trade was a highly competitive enterprise.
• The Dutch and British were frequent rivals for the great prize: North American furs.
• Native Americans would bring skins and furs to their fortified trading posts in the interior of North America.
• Native Americans represented a cheap labor force in this international commercial effort, but they were not a directly coerced labor force.
• With no prior experience of alcohol and little time to adjust to its availability, these drinks caused binge drinking, violence among young men, promiscuity, and addiction. 
• The fur trade offered women a mix of opportunity and liability.
• The international sale of furs greatly enriched the Russian state as well as many private merchants, trappers, and hunters. 
• Slavery came in many forms.
• The slavery that emerged in America was distinctive in several ways.
• This New World slavery was largely based on plantation agriculture and treated slaves as a form of dehumanized property, lacking rights in the society of their owners.
• By the seventeenth century, slav trade became highly competitive with the British, Dutch, and French contesting the earlier Portuguese monopoly.
• Enslaved Africans often resisted their fates in a variety of ways. 
• One common act was to flee. 
• Since more men than women were shipped to the Americas, the labor demands on those women who remained increased substantially.
• The unbalanced sex ratios also meant that men could marry multiple women. 
• For much smaller numbers of women, slave trade provided an opportunity to exercise power and accumulate wealth.

ch 14 (first half)

• In the fifteenth century, Europe's population grew and countries like Spain, Portugal, England and France started learning how to tax their subjects more efficiently. 
• Those European countries also learned how to build substantial military forces equipped with gunpowder weapons.
• Europeans were required to pay cash (gold or silver) for Asian spices or textiles. 
• Portuguese voyages along the West African coast were seeking direct access to African goldfields. 
• Most Indian Ocean merchant ships were not heavily armed and lacked onboard cannons.
• The Portuguese saw this as an opportunity to outgun and outmaneuver competing naval forces.
• The Portuguese created a "trading post empire" in the Indian Ocean and aimed to forcefully take control of commerce. 
• They were unable to take control of commerce so they began assimilating themselves to Asian and African cultures.
• Spain was the first to challenge Portugal's position.
• The Dutch and English both entered the Indian Ocean commerce in the seventeenth century.
• The Dutch controlled the shipping and production of cloves, cinnamon, nutmeg and mace.
• Both the Dutch and English became heavily involved in trade within Asia.
• Japanese traders began operating in Southeast Asia in the seventeenth century.

ch 13

• Europeans extended their empires to encompass most of the Americas by the mid-eighteenth century.
• Impoverished nobles and commoners alike found opportunity for gaining wealth and status in the colonies.
• One Spanish conquistador declared: "We came here to serve God and the King, and also to get rich."
• When Native Americans came into contact with Europeans and African diseases, such as smallpox, measles, typhus, influenza, and yellow fever they died causing them to lose 90% of their population.
• The Great Dying reminds us that the climate often plays an important role in the shaping of human history. But it also reminds us that human activity also helps shape the climate.
• The Great Dying and the impact of the Little Ice Age created an acute labor shortage and did not make room for immigrant newcomers.
• Europeans and Africans brought their crops with them. Crops like wheat, rice, sugarcane, grapes and many garden vegetables and fruits. This made the European diet possible in the Americas.
• They also brought their animals with them. Animals like horses, pigs, cattle, goats, and sheep. These animals made ranching economies and cowboy cultures of both the North and West possible.
• Spanish women shared the racial privileges of their husbands, but in terms of gender they were seen as subordinate and in need of male protection.
• For a century (1570-1670), Portuguese planters along the northeastern coast of Brazil dominated the world market for sugar.
• Puritans in Massachusetts and Quakers in Pennsylvania sought to escape aspects of an old European society rather than re-create it.
• By 1720, some 700,000 Russians lived in Siberia, which reduced the native Siberians to 30% of the population.
• The Russian Empire represented the final triumph of an agrarian civilization over the hunting societies of Siberia and over the pastoral peoples of the grasslands.
• Like other colonial powers, the Chinese made active use of notables-Mongol aristocrats, Muslim officials, Buddhist leaders-as they attempted to govern the region as inexpensively as possible.
• Chinese or Qing officials didn't seek to assimilate local people into Chinese culture and showed respect to Mongolian, Tibetan, and Muslim cultures. 
• The Ottoman Empire took over many countries in the Middle East and North and Southeastern Europe.
• Many Christians had welcomed the Ottoman conquest because taxes were lighter and oppression was less pronounced than under former Christian rulers.
• Should we need a motto for world history, consider this one: in world history, nothing stands alone; context is everything. 

Part Four: The Early Modern World

• World population more than doubled between 1400 and 1800.
• globalization of disease caused a demographic catastrophe in the Americas.
• Slave trade limited African population growth.
• By the 18th century Japan was the most urbanized societies in the world.
• Islam was the most rapidly spreading religion in 1750 Asia, Africa, and Europe.
• People remained living by their traditional ways as Kings ruled most of Europe and male owning aristocrats were at the top of the hierarchy.
• Patriarchy still dominated.
• women were seen as subordinate.

Yay-I’m done