ch 16 pt 1

• The Atlantic revolutions were distinctive in that they were closely connected to one another. 
• The Englishman John Locke (1632-1704) had argued, the "social contract" between ruler and ruled should last only as long as it served the people well.
• Nationalism, perhaps was the most potent ideology of the modern era, was nurtured in the Atlantic revolutions and shaped much of the nineteenth- and twentieth-century world history.
• By effecting a break with Britain, the American Revolution marked a decisive political change, but in other ways it was a conservative movement, because it originated in an effort to preserve the existing liberties of the colonies rather than create new ones. 
• The American Revolution grew not from social tensions within the colonies, but from a rather sudden and unexpected effort by the British government to tighten its control over the colonies and to extract more revenue from them. 
• On the eve of the French Revolution, a Paris newspaper proclaimed that the United States was "the hope and model of the human race." This was referencing the political ideas and practices of the new country.
• In France, the people had been awakened by the American Revolution.
• The third estate organized themselves as the National Assembly, claiming the sole authority to make laws for the country. 
• The famous French writer Jean-Jacques Rousseau had told them that it was "manifestly contrary to the laws of nature...that a handful of people should gorge themselves with superficialities while the hungry multitude goes in want of necessities." 
• These social conflicts gave the French Revolution, especially during its first five years, a much more violent, far-reaching, and radical character than its American counterpart.
• Nowhere did the example of the French Revolution echo more loudly than the French Caribbean colony of Saint Domingue, later renamed Haiti.
• Socially, the last had become the first. In the only completely successful slave revolt in world history, "the lowest order of the society-slaves-became equal, free, and independent citizens."
• Politically, they had thrown off French colonial rule, creating the second independent republic in the Americas and the first non-European state to emerge from Western colonialism. 
• To whites throughout the hemisphere, the cautionary saying, "Remember Haiti" reflected a sense of horror at what had occurred there and a determinism not to allow political change to reproduce that fearful outcome again. 
• Despite their growing disenchantment with Spanish rule, creole elites did not so much generate a revolution as have one thrust upon them by events in Europe. 
• In 1808, Napoleon invaded Spain and Portugal, deposing the Spanish King Ferdinand VII and forcing the Portuguese royal family into exile in Brazil. 
• With Legitimate royalty now in disarray, Latin Americans were forced to take action. The outcome was the independence of various Latin American countries by 1826.